Adderall is an effective treatment for ADHD and narcolepsy, but long-term use can lead to serious side effects. Users may experience cardiovascular issues, including increased heart rate and blood pressure, raising the risk of hypertension, stroke, or heart attack. Sleep disturbances, particularly insomnia, are common, often leading to fatigue and irritability. Additionally, Adderall can suppress appetite, resulting in unintended weight loss and digestive issues. Neurologically, misuse or high doses may alter brain structure and dopamine function, increasing dependence and affecting cognitive processes such as memory and decision-making.

Mood disorders, including increased irritability and anxiety, can occur, with potential links to depression and psychosis in cases of misuse. Long-term use may also lead to physical dependence, characterized by withdrawal symptoms upon abrupt cessation. Cognitive decline, known as “the crash,” may manifest as fatigue and low motivation when the medication wears off. Misuse, such as taking higher doses or combining Adderall with other substances, poses additional risks, including overdose and severe mental health symptoms. Regular consultations with healthcare providers can help manage these risks and explore alternative treatments for ADHD.