The COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted the mental health of individuals in developing countries, particularly among impoverished urban populations. A study assessed the mental health status of slum dwellers following the pandemic, involving structured interviews with 404 participants from July to September 2023. Results showed that over half experienced poor mental well-being, with women reporting higher rates of depression (35%) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (18%). Factors contributing to poor mental health included food scarcity and the use of unimproved or community latrines. Additionally, individuals who faced crime or domestic violence (OR = 2.19) and those who lost their jobs (OR = 1.56) were more likely to report mental health issues. The findings highlight the urgent need for targeted interventions for vulnerable populations, such as skill-building programs for the unemployed and gender-segregated sanitation facilities. Mental health awareness campaigns and robust social safety nets are essential for enhancing community resilience to future crises.