A qualitative study in Rwanda explored self-harm among young people, examining social, cultural, and psychological factors. Despite high rates of self-harm in low- and middle-income countries, this issue remains under-researched. The study involved 102 participants from urban Gasabo and rural Nyagatare, including youths with and without self-harm experiences, their parents, and healthcare providers.

Five key themes were identified: diverse triggers such as family conflict, abuse, poverty, peer pressure, and school stress; the build-up of emotional distress characterized by feelings of entrapment and worthlessness; the functions of self-harm, ranging from emotional regulation to communication of distress; factors influencing the continuation or cessation of self-harm; and the duality of community responses that can both exacerbate stigma and provide support.

The findings highlight that self-harm is influenced by cultural beliefs, stigma, and structural hardships rather than solely individual experiences. To effectively prevent self-harm, strategies must address poverty, education, family support, and community mental health, with an emphasis on reducing stigma and fostering emotional expression. These insights may apply to other low- and middle-income countries facing similar challenges.