A study provides an updated overview of primary care for children and adolescents in Europe, examining the evolution of healthcare systems and identifying both advancements and ongoing challenges. Conducted through a survey of national delegates from 42 member countries of the European Academy of Paediatrics and the European Confederation of Primary Care Paediatricians, the research collected standardized data on real-world practices.

Findings reveal that 28.6% of countries use paediatrician-led models, 26.2% use general practitioner-led models, and 45.2% employ combined models. Between 2010 and 2024, eight countries shifted their care delivery models, mainly toward combined care. The involvement of paediatricians decreased as patients aged, while the role of general practitioners increased. Only 35.9% of countries have fully interoperable electronic health records. Significant gaps were noted in preventive care, adolescent health visits, and training duration in primary paediatric care.

Despite improvements in care integration and digital health, disparities persist in adolescent care, digital infrastructure, and training quality. Future models of paediatric primary care should focus on harmonizing training, bridging regional gaps, and enhancing digital health systems to ensure equitable, high-quality care.